Spain's Tax Agency has enacted Royal Decree 238/2026, mandating electronic invoicing for businesses and professionals. The decree takes effect 20 April 2026, with high‑volume firms (VAT turnover > €8 million) required to comply 12 months after the ministerial order, and others 24 months later. A free application will be provided, and the public e‑invoicing platform must be available at least two months before the first effective application.

The article explains how Brazil’s new nationwide consumption tax, the IBS, replaces state and municipal taxes, marking a significant shift in governance and operational logic. It highlights the implications for municipalities and the broader tax system, underscoring the paradigm shift in Brazil’s indirect tax regime.